The two methods below, while not preferable, are also acceptable. Pause slightly again after the quote to indicate switching back to your own voice. This is the best method, but not easy to master quickly. Pause slightly after the introductory phrase, then read the quote expressively so that the quote sounds like a second voice.Clearly tell the audience what is quoted by marking the beginning and end of the quotes using one of the following options:.both popular press articles and scholarly articles), or when you rely heavily on one or two sources that you present up front. This can work well when you combine original research and published resources, when you work with different fields (e.g. You might choose give your audience a brief (a couple of sentences) overview of how you did your research, much like the “methodology” part of a scientific study or the “literature review” in a scholarly article in the social sciences and humanities.you conducted a survey, interview, experiment, or observation), just simply tell your audience what you did. If your source is original research (e.g.Give your audience just enough detail to help them understand who provided the idea or information and how credible the source is.
Katherine Z, a journalist writing for the prestigious New York Times, offers this example….Farooq Y, author of the well-researched 2010 study, Early American Nutrition and Politics, argues that….According to Joseph X, a professor of Yada Yada at Blah Blah University,….Use an introductory phrase such as one of the following:.The citation needs to be brief, because it’s hard to digest the citation while evaluating the information, both of which are given within a few seconds’ time. Since listening to a live presentation is a linear process (you can’t skim or jump around and hear it out of chronological order), it’s best to introduce the source before you present the information, so your audience members are ready to evaluate the information with the source (and your view of it) in mind when they hear the material from the source. In an oral presentation, your audience can’t flip back and forth between in-text citations and a reference list, nor can they look for a footnote or an endnote: you need to tell them where the information, idea, or words come from as you say it.
#How to properly cite sources in text full
For example:įorty-five percent of study participants reported no side effects (American Medical Association, 2010). If the organization uses a recognized acronym, you may use it in every in-text citation after the first. For example:Īccording to the American Citation Association (1999), APA style is popular among graduate students. Use an organization's name in lieu of a person's last name when an organization serves as the author for one of your sources. In cases with six or more authors, use "et al." in the first and all subsequent citations. Of those who passed, one-third scored in the 90th percentile (Jones & McKinney, 1999).ĭocument works with three to five authors like this:įor subsequent citations, use (Barry et al., 2007). Jones and McKinney (1999) report that one in five students passed the test. According to Morris (2000), APA style is widely used in architecture schools.Įighty percent of the schools surveyed report using APA style (Morris, 2000).
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